The Wright Brothers Famous Quotes

The Wright Brothers Famous Quotes On December 17, 1903, Orville Wright and Wilbur Wrightâ successfully tried a flying machine that took off with its own capacity, flew at even speeds, at that point landed securely without harm and began the period of human flight. The year prior to, the siblings tried out various airplane, wing plans, lightweight flyers, and propellers so as to comprehend the complexities of streamlined features and ideally make a controlled art equipped for delayed flight. All through this procedure, Orville and Wilbur recorded a significant number of their most noteworthy statements in the scratch pad they kept and talks with they made at that point. From Orvilles considerations on expectation and living to the two siblings translations of what they found during their analyses, the accompanying statements exemplify the rush the Wright siblings felt while making, at that point flying, the primary self-moved plane. Orville Wright on Dreams, Hope, and Life The longing to fly is a thought passed on to us by ourâ ancestorsâ who, in their tiresome goes across trackless grounds in ancient occasions, looked jealously on the feathered creatures taking off openly through. Theâ airplane stays upâ because it doesnt have the opportunity to fall. No flying machine will ever fly from New York to Paris†¦[because] no realized engine can run at the essential speed for four days ceaselessly. On the off chance that winged animals can float for significant stretches of time, then†¦ why cant I? On the off chance that we took a shot at the suspicion that what is acknowledged as evident truly is valid, at that point there would be little trust ahead of time. We were sufficiently fortunate to experience childhood in a domain where there was in every case a lot of support to kids to seek after scholarly premiums; to examine whatever stimulated interest. Orville Wright on Their Flight Experiments In our floating investigations, we had various encounters in which we had arrived upon one wing, yet the devastating of the wing had consumed the stun with the goal that we were not uncomfortable with the engine if there should be an occurrence of an arrival of that sort. With all the information and aptitude procured in a large number of trips over the most recent ten years, I would scarcely consider today making my first trip on a weird machine in a 27-mile twist, regardless of whether I realized that the machine had just been flown and was sheltered. Isnt it surprising that every one of these insider facts have been saved for such huge numbers of years to make sure we could find them! The course of the trip all over was exceedingly flighty, somewhat because of the anomaly of the air, and mostly to absence of involvement with taking care of this machine. The control of the front rudder was troublesome by virtue of its being adjusted too close to the middle. At the point when the machine had been attached with a wire to theâ track so it couldn't begin until discharged by the administrator, and the engine had been hurried to ensure that it was in condition, we flipped a coin to conclude who ought to have the primary preliminary. Wilbur won. With 12 horsepowerâ at our order, we thought about that we could allow the heaviness of the machine withâ an operatorâ to ascend to 750 or 800 pounds, and still have as much excess force as we had initially took into consideration in the principal gauge of 550 pounds. Wilbur Wright on Their Flying Experiments There is no game equivalent to that which pilots appreciate while being brought through the air on incredible white wings. More than all else the sensation is one of immaculate harmony blended with an energy that strains each nerve to the most extreme on the off chance that you can think about such a mix. I am a lover, yet not a wrench as in I have some pet hypotheses with respect to the correct development of a flying machine. I wish to profit myself of all that is as of now known and afterward, if conceivable, include my parasite to help the future laborer who will achieve last achievement. We could barely stand by to get up toward the beginning of the day. I admit that in 1901, I said to my sibling Orville that man would not fly for a long time. The way that the incredible researcher had confidence in flying machines was the one thing that urged us to start our examinations. It is conceivable to fly without engines, however not without information and expertise. The craving to fly is a thought passed on to us by our precursors who...looked desirously on the winged animals taking off unreservedly through space...on the interminable parkway of the air. Men become shrewd similarly as they become rich, more by what they spare than by what they get.

Intervention Early Schizophrenia In China -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Intervention Early Schizophrenia In China? Answer: Introducation With this introduction, I expect to make the crowd mindful about the issues looked by individuals with schizophrenia and the purpose behind the significance of psychosocial mediations for individual with an analysis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a ceaseless mental issue related with subjective, passionate, psychosocial and word related interruption in patients (Frith 2014). The sickness hugy affects the regular day to day existence of patients and their work life and public activity is not kidding influenced by negative indications of the malady. Because of increment in uncommon musings and focus issue, work execution is influenced and social relationship is additionally hampered (Saperstein and Medalia 2015). Thus, the principle objective of all types of treatment for schizophrenia quiet is to assist patients with returning back to ordinary working. Hostile to crazy prescriptions are the foundation of schizophrenia treatment, anyway reactions of medicine and adherence to drug is a significant issue with this treatment decision (Haddad, Brain and Scott 2014). I might want to make all mindful that challenges in the board of schizophrenia understanding are likewise observed because of essence of subjective deformities, reduction rates and genuine unfavorable impacts in patients. Albeit mental intercessions are the principle treatment alternative for such patients, anyway psychosocial mediation is progressively picking up consideration due to its capacity for long haul care and extent of offering help in social and day by day fundamental abilities to schizophrenia tolerant (Chien et al. 2013). We will move further with the introduction to show various kinds of psychosocial intercession accessible to patients and their incentive for target understanding gathering. Numerous ongoing confirmations have demonstrated that psychosocial intercessions are regularly joined with common drug to lessen insane side effects in schizophrenia tolerant and improve patients recuperation process. The five fundamental ways to deal with psychosocial mediation has been appeared in this slide. Every one of these methodologies has diverse arrangement of objectives and treatment plan for the recuperation of patients with schizophrenia. I will give you a short survey and advantages of every one of the intercession which are as per the following: Psychological treatment is an organized treatment to help patients to adapt to their crazy issues and reexamine their musings. There may be distinction in span and meeting of treatment, anyway it is discovered helpful in improving crazy side effects in patients contrasted and other standard treatment (Jauhar et al. 2014). The fundamental point of psycho-instruction programs for schizophrenia tolerant is to participate in correspondence with patient to comprehend their weight of dealing with the malady and give imperative data to patients about the sickness and adapting aptitudes to viably deal with the ailment. Such projects has yielded numerous beneficial outcome in patient, for example, increment in prescription consistence, forestalling backslide and better mindfulness about the ailment (Sauvanaud et al. 2017). Family based intercession predominantly intends to address trouble in quiet with schizophrenia and their relatives and it underscores on aptitude obtaining segment. This sort of psychosocial mediation is essential to improve relational peculiarities related over the span of ailment (Chien et al. 2013). Social abilities preparing bolster individuals with schizophrenia to accomplish social capability in the zone of side effect the executives, working environment social aptitudes, relational and relational abilities (Chien et al. 2013). Decisive people group treatment (ACT) explicitly focuses on those schizophrenia patients who are hard to oversee. It is reasonable for those patients who have history of backslide and social breakdown in inpatient administrations (Chien et al. 2013). Right now, psychosocial mediation is picking up inclination since it is a patient focused way to deal with mental consideration that sees singular difficulties looked by persistent in their every day life and help to survive and adapt to those difficulties. The advantage of psychosocial intercession for tolerant contrasted with other antipsychotic drug alone is comprehended from an exploration done by Guo et al., (2010) who thought about the adequacy of two mediations on patients result. Patients were haphazardly appointed to antipsychotic prescription treatment gathering or antipsychotic drug joined with psychosocial mediations (Skills preparing, psycho-instruction, subjective treatment and family intercession) for a year. The fundamental treatment results that were measures included treatment adherence, personal satisfaction, social working and abatement rate. The investigation of date got from two gatherings of members uncovered that patients in the psychosocial and medicine inter cession bunch has lower pace of unfavorable results contrasted with drug gatherings. The side effects that we have audited in the past slides plainly demonstrate that enthusiastic and psychosocial debilitation adds to useful disability in patients. This turns into the significant explanation behind high weight of the malady. Thus, for an intercession to be of estimation of schizophrenia patients, it must have the option to advance utilitarian recuperation in persistent. The noteworthiness of psychosocial intercession is that it advances useful recuperation from multiple points of view. Proof by Kern et al. (2009) clarified that various sorts of psychosocial mediation have distinctive treatment targets anyway they advance utilitarian recuperation in tolerant. Recuperation is characterized by capacity to address manifestations and standardization of social and work working for significant stretch of time. Psychosocial intercession has been found to meet the meaning of recuperation and practical effectiveness in schizophrenia persistent (Kern et al. 2009). A meta-examin ation of research identified with adequacy of mental treatment in schizophrenia has unmistakably characterized advantages of each kind of psychosocial mediation. Intellectual treatment is discovered gainful in decreasing positive manifestations. Family intercession limits backslide rate and social aptitudes preparing builds social abilities in individuals. This is joined by social working and work working in patients as well (Pfammatter, Junghan and Brenner 2006). The above slides gave a knowledge about the advantages of psychosocial intercession regarding improvement in tolerant related result. Be that as it may, viability of intercession is additionally dictated by it cost-adequacy. The cost adequacy of psychosocial mediation for schizophrenia patient can be dictated by medicinal services cost and wellbeing related personal satisfaction in persistent. Such examination has uncovered that prescription joined with psychosocial intercession has greater balanced life year evaluations. Cost adequacy was dictated by lower pace of treatment suspension and high pace of recuperation. Blend of prescription treatment with psychosocial intercession is a fruitful treatment alternative for schizophrenia (Zhang et al. 2014). Reference: Chien, W.T., Leung, S.F., Yeung, F.K. also, Wong, W.K., 2013. Ebb and flow ways to deal with medicines for schizophrenia range issue, part II: psychosocial mediations and patient-centered viewpoints in mental care.Neuropsychiatric infection and treatment,9, p.1463. Frith, C.D., 2014.The psychological neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Brain science press. Guo, X., Zhai, J., Liu, Z., Fang, M., Wang, B., Wang, C., Hu, B., Sun, X., Lv, L., Lu, Z. also, Ma, C., 2010. Impact of antipsychotic prescription alone versus joined with psychosocial mediation on results of beginning time schizophrenia: a randomized, 1-year study.Archives of general psychiatry,67(9), pp.895-904. Haddad, P.M., Brain, C. also, Scott, J., 2014. Nonadherence with antipsychotic prescription in schizophrenia: difficulties and the board strategies.Patient Related Outcome Measures,5, p.43. Jauhar, S., McKenna, P.J., Radua, J., Fung, E., Salvador, R. what's more, Laws, K.R., 2014. Psychological social treatment for the side effects of schizophrenia: methodical survey and meta-investigation with assessment of potential bias.The British Journal of Psychiatry,204(1), pp.20-29. Kern, R.S., Glynn, S.M., Horan, W.P. what's more, Marder, S.R., 2009. Psychosocial medicines to advance practical recuperation in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin,35(2), pp.347-361. Pfammatter, M., Junghan, U.M. what's more, Brenner, H.D., 2006. Adequacy of mental treatment in schizophrenia: ends from meta-analyses.Schizophrenia bulletin,32(suppl_1), pp.S64-S80. Saperstein, A.M. also, Medalia, A., 2015. The job of inspiration in psychological remediation for individuals with schizophrenia. InBehavioral neuroscience of motivation(pp. 533-546). Springer, Cham. Sauvanaud, F., Kebir, O., Vlasie, M., Doste, V., Amado, I. also, Krebs, M.O., 2017. Restorative advantage of an enrolled psychoeducation program on treatment adherence, objective and emotional personal satisfaction: French pilot concentrate for schizophrenia.L'Encephale,43(3), pp.235-240. Zhang, Z., Zhai, J., Wei, Q., Qi, J., Guo, X. furthermore, Zhao, J., 2014. Cost-viability examination of psychosocial mediation for beginning period schizophrenia in China: a randomized, one-year study.BMC psychiatry,14(1), p.212.

Jewish Mysticism & The Kabbalah Essays - Kabbalah, Hasidic Thought

Jewish Mysticism and The Kabbalah Jewish otherworldliness Three kinds of mystery might be perceived throughout the entire existence of Judaism: the euphoric, the thoughtful, and the elusive (Agus). Despite the fact that they are particular sorts, by and by there are visit covering and blends between them. The principal type is portrayed by the journey for God- - or, all the more correctly, for access to an otherworldly domain, which is itself still endlessly remote from the distant divinity - by methods for elated encounters; this strategy is now and then corrupted by theurgy. The second follows the method of supernatural contemplation stretched as far as possible, continually bearing in its plans the engraving of the social environmental factors of the particular scholars, who are presented to impacts from outside Judaism; this was the situation with Philo of Alexandria (c. 15 BCE-after 40 CE) and a couple of the Jewish scholars of the Middle Ages, who drew their motivation from Greco-Arabic Neoplatonism and here and there additionally from Muslim mystery. The third sort of mystery guarantees an obscure information (from this point forward called esoterism) that investigates the awesome life itself and its relationship to the celestial level (the regular, limited domain) of being, a relationship that is dependent upon the law of correspondences (Agus). From this viewpoint, the heavenly is an image of the perfect; that is, a reality that uncovers another, prevalent reality, whence complementary activity of the one on the other (which compares to it) exists. This type of supernatural quality, likened to gnosis- - the mystery information asserted by Gnosticism, a Hellenistic strict and philosophical development - however cleansed, or nearly cleansed, of the dualism that describes the last mentioned, is what is ordinarily known as Kabbala (truly convention) (Milligram). By augmentation, this term is additionally used to assign specialized strategies, utilized for exceptionally differing closes, running from the molding of the wannabe to ha ppy encounters to mystical controls of an honestly odd character. On the off chance that the idea of profound vitality following up on issue and a good ways off initially underlay these practices, it at long last became unrecognizable and all that remained was an assortment of little-known techniques. The kindness with which the principle of correspondences was respected by old and medieval science, just as the inclination in the three monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) to accommodate the aftereffects of levelheaded reflection with the information of disclosure, had the consequence of turning hypothesis on the beginning and request of the universe toward supernatural quality (Guttman). It should likewise be noticed that the journey for God suggests the quest for answers for issues that go past those of religion in the tight sense and that emerge in any event, when there is no enthusiasm for the connection among man and heavenly powers. Man considers the issues of his beginnings, his fate, his satisfaction, his torment - questions that emerge outside of religion, just as inside non magical types of strict life; the nearness or nonappearance of strict foundations or authoritative opinions is of little significance with regards to these inquiries (Guttman). They were totally planned inside non mysterious Judaism and filled in as the premise and system for the setting and arrangement of issues in the different types of Jewish supernatural quality. This supernatural quality, particularly in its Kabbalistic structure, achieved significant changes in the ideas of the world, God and last things (restoration, last judgment, messianic realm, and so on.) set out in scriptural and rabbinical Judaism (Guttman). By and by, Jewish supernatural quality's own arrangement of issues about the starting points of the universe and of man, of wickedness and sin, of the importance of history, of existence in the wake of death and the finish of time is established in the very ground of Judaism and can't be imagined outside of an exposition of uncovered Scripture and rabbinical convention. The Kabbalah: Doorway to the Mind For millenia, parts of the Kabbalah - the enchanted branch of Judaism - have personally tended to the idea of human awareness and our connection to the awesome. Key Kabbalistic writings have for in excess of fifteen hundred years managed such fascinating subjects as dreams reflection, changed conditions of mindfulness, the psyche body relationship, arousing instinct and prophetic characteristics, and achieving profound delight. However Jewish spiritualists have consistently underlined the significance of the apparently increasingly unremarkable yet maybe, significantly all the more testing - undertaking of making a pathway to the Holy One through the very middle of regular day to day existence and the heap interruptions

How to Write a Controversial Essay on Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism

The most effective method to Write a Controversial Essay on Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism A dubious exposition on human rights as a type of dominion is actually a type of factious composition. The subject of this sort of paper needs to spin around an issue which is disputable. This is the place the composing task gets its name. All things considered, knowing the essentials to contentious or powerful style compositions will push you to truly investigate the dubious article. Making Your Thesis Statement On the off chance that you are attempting to create your proposal proclamation you need to initially ensure that you have your point set up. Before you can move into the proposal explanation you need a point. The explanation behind this is the theory proclamation should work as an independent sentence to portray to your perusers the motivation behind your whole work. Furthermore, your motivation is truly addressing an inquiry or taking care of the issue. On account of the factious style you will likely contend that your specific side or perspective in something is right contrasted with every single other option. Yet, with the end goal for that to be genuine you have to introduce the two sides. You have to disclose to the perusers why the contention youre making exists in any case and this starts with introducing the two sides. You need to introduce the genuine issue that you are contending. Furthermore, with that you need to present to the peruser why you are making your contention in one straightforward sentence. On the off chance that you are battling to finish this assignment it may assist you with sitting down and direct some conceptualizing practices that will better refine your concern and the difficult proclamation and your answer. Over the span of your exploration you may need to change this specific articulation as you find that the current research doesn't bolster your perspective or the current research underpins a contrary perspective. Regardless you will probably be adaptable in your theory or your proposition. On the off chance that you find that examination makes you change what you have introduced that is flawlessly fine insofar as you basically make the vital changes as they are required. You need to use as hardly any words as conceivable when you are dealing with your postulation. Recollect this should work as an independent sentence, a point sentence which gives your perusers all the data they require so as to really comprehend what you are introducing. Word economy can allude to utilizing the least number of words to clarify the hugest measure of thoughts. What's more, this is an idea that you need to utilize when you chip away at this specific piece of your assignment. In using the means you will have the option to create excellent substance. When you have your theory finished, the time has come to proceed onward to the rest of the creative cycle. Start by finishing the body of your work, at that point wrap it up with the end and an altered presentation. With a first draft off your shoulders, take as much time as is needed overhauling and altering until the piece is finished. We trust this guide will assist you with building your dubious exposition on human rights as a type of colonialism. Don’t neglect to likewise check our 20 explicit subjects for this issue just as 10 realities to validate a paper of this sort.

What is Tuberculosis

What is Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that has existed throughout history, going by names such as white plague and phthisis.Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacteria that gets into our bodies through the lungs.Despite commendable medical advancement in diagnosis and treatment, Tuberculosis remains one of the top 10 killer diseases in the world. In 2017, there were over 10 million recorded cases of TB, with 1.6 million people dying from the disease in the same year, according to data from the World Health Organization.Tuberculosis affects both adults and children, with adults being the most likely affected.One in three persons, or about 2 billion people in the world are confirmed to be infected with Tuberculosis bacteria.Out of these 2 billion people, 5-15% have a lifetime risk of falling ill with Tuberculosis disease.Although tuberculosis is present in every country, people from low income areas especially in the developing countries are more susceptible to the disease.This is due to the poor living conditions, crowded housing, poor health and poverty.The highest number of infections usually occur in the western pacific regions and south Asia, accounting for about 62% of new cases followed by Africa, which accounts for about 25% of new cases.People living with HIV are highly vulnerable and are 20-30 times more likely to be infected with the active tuberculosis owing to their weakened immune system.People with other conditions that impair the immune system are also at a high risk of being infected with active TB.These conditions can range from addiction to substances like alcohol and cigarettes to diseases like diabetes mellitus, silicosis and chronic lung disease.Medications such as corticosteroids and infliximab have also been reported to increase the risk of getting infected with TB, especially in developing countries.As I mentioned in the beginning, there has been commendable medical advancement in diagnosis and treatment of TB, but more needs to be done to combat the disease.The World Health Organization has set a target of reducing the TB incidence rate by 90% and the number of TB-related deaths by 95% by the year 2035, as outlined in its ‘End TB Strategy’WHAT CAUSES TUBERCULOSIS? TB is an airborne infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).TB can affect any part of the body but it most commonly affects the lungs.The bacteria that causes TB is released into the air through tiny droplets whenever an infected person coughs, spits, shouts, or sneezes.Infection occurs when someone inhales these droplets.The bacteria passes through the mouth or nasal cavities to the respiratory tract and finally to the alveoli of the lungs.Once in the alveoli, they start replicating.It takes about six weeks for a small infection to appear which rarely gives any symptoms.This is what is referred to as the primary infection.Afterwards, the bacteria is   carried by the lymphatic system from the lungs which is the primary s ite of infection, lymph nodes, kidneys, epiphyses of the long bones, and other areas of the body.If one has a healthy immune system, the infection will remain dormant up until when the immune system becomes compromised.If one has a weak Immune system the infection will progress into an active TB disease.There are a number of risk factors that makes people more susceptible to TB.Number one on the list is HIV. HIV weakens the immune system, giving an opportunity for the TB bacteria to multiply in the body. About 300,000 people died as a result of HIV-associated TB in 2017.Living in overcrowded areas also puts one at a higher risk of being infected with TB. This is due to the congestion and poor aeration.Malnutrition is another risk factor.People suffering from malnutrition have low immunity and are therefore susceptible to contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems cannot fight the TB bacteria.Other factors that increase the risk of contracting TB include substance abuse, p re-existence of diseases such as chronic lung disease, cancer, severe kidney disease and diabetes mellitus.Babies and young children are also at high risk of contracting TB as their immune systems are weak and have not fully matured.SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSISThere are two kinds of TB; Latent TB and Active TB. With Latent TB, the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains in an inactive state in the body.It does not cause any symptoms, and the infected person will not even know that they are infected.However, if the person is tested for TB, the test results will show that the person is infected. TB is not transmittable in this state but can become active whenever the immune system is compromised.Active TB, on the other hand, means that one has the disease (TB) and is able to spread it to other people.It might occurs in the first few weeks after being infected with the bacteria or it can occur years later.TB can affect other parts of the body as well and when it occurs outsid e the lungs (extra pulmonary). In this case, the signs and symptoms vary depending on the affected part.However, TB commonly occurs in the lungs (pulmonary).The main symptoms of pulmonary TB are;A persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks or moreCoughing up blood or sputum.Other signs and symptoms associated with pulmonary TB include;Pain in the chest or pain with breathing or coughingUnintentional Weight lossConsistent FeversNight sweatsLoss of appetiteWeakness and fatigueChillsDifficulty in breathingRales (abnormal lung sounds during breathing)In 15-20% of all active TB cases, the infection occurs outside the lungs causing other kinds of TB collectively known as extra pulmonary Tuberculosis.Extra pulmonary TB mainly occurs when those with latent TB develop a weaker immune system and the inactive TB becomes active.Children also can develop extra pulmonary TB.The most common forms of extra pulmonary TB include;Pleural TB â€" it affects the thin skin surrounding the lungs referred to as the pleural membrane.TB of the central nervous system â€" it affects the brain and the spinal cord. When the TB bacteria affects both the brain and the spinal cord, it causes TB meningitis. Patients experience drowsiness, have deferred reactions, have difficulty moving their limbs, speaking or focusing their eyes.TB of the bones and joints â€" it affects the bones and joints. It causes pain and swelling in the affected area. Most people suffering from this kind of TB usually relate it to accident or injury and never to TB.TB in the lymph nodes it affects the mostly the lymph nodes in the neck and clavicles, which then swell and infect the surrounding skin.Abdominal TB it affects the abdominal cavity which contains organs like the liver, spleen and the bowels.Genitourinary TB it affects the kidneys, bladder and the urinary tract.Normally when a person develops active TB, the common symptoms (cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss etc.) may be mild for many months.Thi s can cause the infected person to delay in seeking medical care which in turn results in the transmission of the bacteria to others.People suffering from TB can infect up to 10-15 other people through close contact over the course of a year. Without proper treatment up to two thirds of people suffering from TB will die.It is therefore important to seek medical advice if you notice any of the symptoms mentioned above.DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSISSkin TestIf a patient shows any of the symptoms associated with TB, doctors will carry out some tests to confirm whether the person is infected. The most common diagnosis of TB is through a skin test.While this test is used to find out whether TB is present in one’s body or not, it should not be used as the only means of diagnosis as interpreting a positive or negative skin test can be difficult.The test is usually done to diagnose latent TB. A small extract of the TB bacterium known as PPD tuberculin is injected into the skin just below the i nside forearm.The injection site is then checked after 2-3 days, and, if a hard, red bump has swollen up to a specific size, then it is likely that TB is present.Skin testing for TB among infants is done during regular checkups. Infants are usually screened at one year, while children are screened at the age of five.Diagnosis Through Chest X-RayA chest x-ray may be conducted to view the status of a patient’s lungs.If the person has active TB, the x-ray results will show damaged lungs.The x-ray results together with pulmonary symptoms presented by the patient can be used to make a diagnosis.Unfortunately, other medical conditions such as lung cancer mimic symptoms similar to TB and the x-ray result may also show damaged lungs.Other tests might therefore be required to ensure a correct diagnosis of TB. X-rays together with CT Scans can also be used to diagnose TB affecting the bones and the jointsDiagnosis Through Sputum TestsIn this test, a sputum sample is examined under a microsc ope for bacteria that causes TB.In some instances, the sputum may also be cultured to see if there are TB bacteria present.However, this it may take up to six to eight weeks for a sputum culture to yield definite results.In areas experiencing an outbreak of the disease, diagnosis can be done on the basis of a positive sputum smear alone.Any patient with symptoms indicating TB who has a positive sputum smear should be started on anti-TB therapy, even if a culture is going to be done.Diagnosing extra pulmonary TB can be difficult. Samples from the affected parts are drawn and tested for TB bacteria.In the case of TB meningitis, a medical doctor must perform a lumbar puncture â€" this requires inserting a needle into the back in order to access the fluid surrounding the spinal cord.This fluid is in turn used to check for TB bacteria. The same applies for Pleural TB. A sample of fluid is drawn from the space between the pleural layers using a needle.Diagnosing Multi-Drug Resistant TB (M DR-TB) can be very difficult and expensive.Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when the TB bacteria become resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs.MDR-TB is still curable, although it requires the use of second-line drugs.However, second-line drugs are usually expensive and toxic.The diagnosis of TB among children can also be very difficult especially in instances where a sputum is required, since they might have trouble producing sputum.TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSISTB is a treatable and curable disease.People suffering from TB are usually given anti-TB drugs which effectively help in fighting and killing the TB bacteria.Treatment of drug-sensitive TB is divided into a two-month intensive phase of treatment comprised of taking daily dosages of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZN) and ethambutol (EMB) followed by a four-month continuation phase consisting of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH).95% people who are prop erly treated for TB get cured.The main reason why the remaining 5% do not get cured is because they did not take the medicines as prescribed and therefore risk the possibility of the TB becoming drug resistant.Drugs administered to TB patients are also supposed to stop them from spreading the disease.The patient is also usually advised to stay at home until the infection period is over.In some cases, hospitalization may also be recommended to prevent the spread of the TB bacteria at least until the infection period is over.This is normally two to four weeks after the commencement of treatment.It is strongly advised to continue with the treatment even when there are no symptoms as earlier on before treatment began.Failure to do so might result in the TB bacteria re-growing and becoming resistant to the drugs. When the treatment is over, after six months, the TB bacteria is said to be eliminated.Sometimes, treatment for TB may come with side effects and complications.Although anti-TB drugs are relatively safe, some may be toxic to some people.Complications include drug resistance by certain TB strains and relapse of the disease. Minor side effects which one should not worry about and can continue taking the drugs include;Rifampin can make one to become more sensitive to the sunRifampin can result in a brownish coloration in saliva, tears and urine. It may also result in a brownish stain on contact lenses.If one is taking rifampin and methadone (to treat drug addiction), the methadone dosage may need adjustment as one may experience withdrawal symptoms.Rifampin can also reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills and implants. It is advised to use other birth control methods while taking rifampin.In some cases, TB treatment may have adverse side effects, in which case you should immediately notify your doctor.Some of these symptoms include:VomitingNauseaLack of appetiteYellowish skin or eyesConsistent fever for three or more daysTingling fingers or toesSkin r ashEasy bleedingAbdominal painsTingling or numbness around the mouthAching jointsDizzinessBlurred visionRinging in the earsEasy bruisingPatients need to be closely monitored in case of severe adverse reactions to the medication.There are also patients who might skip their medication after initiation.To avoid this, it is highly recommended for the patient to have a support system to ensure they do not skip the medication, since this might lead to drug resistance.TB treatment typically lasts about six months, though longer treatment is suggested in cases of TB meningitis and TB affecting the bones and joints.Treatment of Drug Resistant TBResistance can be either mono-resistance or multi-resistance.With mono-resistance, the TB might be rifampicin-resistant or isoniazid-resistance.Multi-resistance is resistance of both Rifampicin and Isoniazid. People with Multi-Drug Resistant TB require advanced specialized treatment which is not as effective as the usual anti-TB drugs and most times c ause severe side effects.MDR-TB is more expensive to treat and cure than Drug-sensitive TB.The success rate of curing MDR-TB is very low. People infected with MDR-TB will most certainly infect others with the same strain of TB.Drug resistance is most common in people who:Do not take their medications as prescribed by the doctorDo not take their medicationDevelop TB again even after previously undergoing TB treatmentLive in areas with a high rate of Drug Resistant TB. These places include Haiti, South East Asia, Philippines and Latin AmericaDirectly Observed Treatment (DOTS)This is a strategy used by primary health services to detect and cure TB patients. DOTS combines five elements: microscopy services, drug supplies, monitoring systems, political commitment, and direct observation of treatment.The biggest challenge of curing TB patients is failure of the patient to complete treatment.With the DOTS system, the patient is closely monitored by a community worker who ensures that the p atient takes the medication as prescribed.The health system of that particular community is thus responsible for achieving a cure.With DOTS system, resources are first directed towards identifying those who are infected through sputum tests. The sputum usually test positive for persons with active TB.After identification, the health community workers counsel, observe and record patients taking the correct dosage for the duration stipulated in treatment of TB.In most cases, patients usually start to feel better after a few weeks of treatment and they may be tempted to stop taking their medication. The community health worker ensures that this does not happen.DOTS system produces success cure rates of up to 85 percent even in the poorest countries, and helps prevent new infections and the development of MDR-TB.The World Bank rates DOTS as one of the most cost-effective health interventions.Treatment of Tuberculosis Through SurgerySurgery is likely to be used in cases of extra pulmonar y TB.Here the surgery is done to obtain sample tissues for biopsies and also to relieve the patient of pain and complications brought about by the disease.PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSISOwing to the high number of deaths that result from TB, preventive measures have been put in place to help eradicate this disease.TB prevention depends primarily on the vaccination of infants and the early detection and treatment of active cases.Many countries use Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as part of their TB prevention program.BCG reduces the risk of getting infected by 20% in children and reduces the risk of developing active TB by almost 60%. It is the most widely used vaccination with 90% of children in the world being vaccinated.TB EducationWith knowledge comes great power. Educating people suffering from TB is a powerful instrument in combating the occurrence of TB.They should know how to take their drugs properly to reduce risks of developing drug resistant TB and also minimize the risk of sp reading it to other people.They also need to be educated on how not to spread it to other people. This includes cough etiquettes, covering ones mouth while sneezing, or wearing a mask in public places. They need to know when to seek treatment.The general public also needs to be educated on TB prevention to help prevent the stigmatization of TB patients.People should also be educated on ways to maintain and boost their immune systems to prevent dormant TB infection from becoming active.Other preventive measures include preventing people with latent TB from developing active TB, TB treatment as a preventive measure to reduce the risks of the TB bacteria from spreading, as well as avoiding living in overcrowded places without proper aeration.WRAPPING UPWhile TB is a preventable and curable disease, it can easily result in death if treatment is not started enough, or if the patient fails to follow the proper treatment guidelines.If you start experiencing any of the symptoms associated w ith TB, you should seek immediate medical attention to ensure that it is diagnosed early.If diagnosed with the disease, you should follow the doctor’s guidelines to the letter.Don’t stop taking the medication even when you start feeling better, since this might result in the bacteria becoming resistant to drugs and therefore harder to treat.

Your College Essays Are Probably Not So Good

Your College Essays Are Probably Not So Good December 25 Theres a good chance that your childs college essays arent very good. Even if you may think they are. Its not too late, even as we approach the January 1st deadline, to get in touch with us to find out whats wrong with them and how we can help your child fix them. Theres a very good chance that your college essays are probably not so good. Theres a good chance that with less than a week left before the Regular Decision deadline, your college essays need to be scrapped entirely. This is true for the vast majority of college applicants. In fact, in all of our years in this business, it is the rare exception when we read a compelling, well-crafted admissions essay that we didnt help the student shape. So when parents and students tell us that theyre just about done with their essays or theyre all done, we think its ridiculous. Because submitting bad college essays or even essays that arent so good will hurt ones candidacy. Essays put applicants over the edge. And bad essays wont only not helptheyll hurt. So what are some examples of bad college essay topics, you ask? Well, if your essay focuses on your major activities, theres a good chance that your essay is bad. College essays should not focus on your activities unless its an activity essay in which youre asked to write about a significant activity in your life. If your essay is about your grandfather, sharing his story of coming to America and all that hes taught you, thats really sweet. You should give it to your grandfather if hes alive. But dont submit this as your college essay because college admissions officers dont care to learn about grandpa. Rather, they want to learn about you. And how about that essay about sports? Avoid it. So many students write about sports and these essays read as so cliche! Or how about an essay on volunteering? Every admissions officer wants to see that a student volunteers his or her time after school each day, right? Wrong. College admissions officers at highly selective colleges arent looking to fill an incoming class with a bunch of students who volunteer a few hours each week with Key Club. That isnt impress and it reads as though youre trying to impress admissions officers with how good of a person you are.  Anyhow, the list on bad college essay topics goes on and on. We just wanted to point out a fewthe tip of the iceberg if you will. If you need last-minute college essay assistance, we can read and critique your essays and offer you our feedback. We can then brainstorm new topics, direction, and structure for these essays. Theres no reason to stress. Major, great changes can still be made. But, yes, time is of the essence so we suggest you not wait further to get in touch with us.

The Naqshbandi And Qadiri Brotherhoods - 1683 Words

During this period, Kurdish nationalist movements were intertwined with Islamic establishments and figures because of their unique ability to disseminate Kurdish propaganda and ideology and mobilize Kurds. Without Islam, Kurdish nationalism never would have been utilized and become such a formidable, active, and persistent force against its Turkish, Persian, Arab, and British opponents. With the spread of religious orders throughout the Kurdistan region, Sufi Islam flourished, thereby creating an environment hospitable to nationalist indoctrination. The Naqshbandi and Qadiri brotherhoods were the most popular of the orders and possessed major political and social influence. While the two orders maintain doctrinal differences regarding proper prayer, self-mortification, and transfer of spiritual authority, structurally, they contained two extremely important elements that made Kurdish nationalism possible: lodges and shaykhs. First, Sufi lodges were the spaces where nationalism was promoted and comprehended within an Islamic context. For example, Jwaideh insists, â€Å"The importance of the takiyas [religious orders] as centers for the dissemination of nationalist ideas can scarcely be exaggerated. The ideas emanating from these focal points found ready and wide acceptance among the Kurds, for they bore the stamp of the shaykhs’ great learning and impeachable religious authority† (105). In these lodges, students not only learned about the Qur’an and the hadith, but theyShow MoreRelatedThe Sufi Movement : A Religious Movement1101 Words   |  5 Pagesin India: Islam came in the early medieval period which in spite of principle of universal brotherhood could not associate itself with Hinduism. Antagonism between the two different sects of people continued to grow day by day. At this time of mutual hatred and hostility, there appeared a group of religious thinkers who awakened the people about God and religion. They did everything to establish brotherhood between the Hindus and Muslims. They were called ‘Sufi’saints. The Sufi movement was a socio-religiousRead MoreThe Rise And Growth Of The Sufi And Bhakti Movement1251 Words   |  6 Pagesin India: Islam came in the early medieval period which in spite of principle of universal brotherhood could not associate itself with Hinduism. Antagonism between the two different sects of people continued to grow day by day. At this time of mutual hatred and hostility, there appeared a group of religious thinkers who awakened the people about God and religion. They did everything to establish brotherhood between the Hindus and Muslims. They were called ‘Sufi’saints. The Sufi movement was a socio-religiousRead More Chechnya and its People Essay5500 Words   |  22 Pageschanged over time to its current position in Chechen society. The Chechen Sufi Identity: The Revolts of Sheikh Mansur and Sheikh Shamil In the late eighteenth century, Sufism became more than a superficial following with the advent of the Naqshbandi order, a Sunni following that became prevalent in the North Caucasus. This coincided with the invasion by Catherine II who was seeking to expand her empire to the protective barrier of Caucasian mountains that split the Black and Caspian Seas. The

The Harlem Riot in Harlem Runs Wild by Claude McKay Essay

The Harlem Riot in Harlem Runs Wild by Claude McKay In Harlem Runs Wild, Claude McKay depicts the Harlem Riot of 1935 as merely #8230;a gesture of despair of a bewildered, baffled, and disillusioned people. (McKay 224) The Harlem Riot of 1935 was spontaneous and unpremeditated. It was not a race riot in the sense of physical conflict between white and non-white groups as there was little direct violence to white persons. McKay states, The mass riot in Harlem was not a race riot. (McKay 221) Its distinguishing feature was the persons attack upon property rather than persons, and resentment against whites that, while exploiting Negroes, denied them an opportunity to work. Communists did not instigate the riot, though they†¦show more content†¦Housing was the most serious community problem in Harlem. The Negros labor dollar was further taken by the steep rental characteristic of the segregated areas where most Negroes lived. Ellison makes this quite clear to the audience as Scofield and Dupre steal coal oil and buckets from the hardware store and set them on fire in the apartment building where they live. They make sure to get everyone to safety before they burn the building down, shouting, You didnt think Id do it but there it is. You wouldnt fix it up. Now see how you like it. (Ellison 548). African Americans were also treated unfairly in their living quarters. There are more examples of this mistreatment in the book when The Invisible Man awakens to the sound of tenants beating on the pipes, due to no heat, at Marys apartment building and also the eviction of the elderly couple, the Provos. McKay describes one of the agitators of the Harlem riots, Sufi Hamid and the organization, the Negro Industrial and Clerical Alliance. This organization began the fight for African Americans rights to jobs on 125th street by picketing the merchants. After many influential persons joined the picket lines

The Influential Example Of Costa Rica - 973 Words

Nation Branding: The Influential example of Costa Rica (Essential Costa Rica) Nation Branding is a tool that helps to measure, build and manage the reputation of a country. Essential Costa Rica is the country’s brand; it tries to â€Å"sell† and promote Costa Rica as a high tech industry and innovative country, it showcases the nation ´s advanced export capacity as well as its leadership in protecting natural resources and promoting sustainable development. Essential Costa Rica aims to promote the country as a destination for investment and tourism by highlighting the nation’s main characteristics, which sets it apart from its neighboring countries. During the past years nation branding has gained popularity in many countries of the world. Essential Costa Rica has bolstered the country’s general image through promoting societal sectors such as tourism, exports, and commitment to sustainability. This country brand will provide increased competitiveness in relation to other countries, therefore improving the socio-economic status of Costa Rica as a country, and of its population as a whole. As professional brander, Fetscherin mentions: â€Å"The purpose of nation branding is to promote the country’s brand which includes â€Å"a country s whole image, covering political, economic, social, environmental, historical, and cultural aspects, by creating a positive image of the country† (Fetscherin 468). Costa Rica is considered to be one of the most innovative countries in Latin America, theShow MoreRelatedHow Is Economic Development Different Than Economic Growth?1242 Words   |  5 Pageslearned in the case of Brazil and Costa Rica, some numbers can be far more important than others. Even if your country is experiencing phenomenal economic growth, its people may be suffering. In many cases, economic development is needed before economic growth can make a real difference. 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Italy hosted the 1934 World Cup and Mussolini took this chance to try to spread the game across his nation. Since Italy was now a totalitarianRead MoreMarketing Principles Starbucks2146 Words   |  9 Pagesdetermination and labor laws. The increasing demand of food and beverage services causes Starbucks’ rapid economic environment growth. Starbucks’ greatest concern is its relationship with its coffee bean producers. Nations producing coffee are influential on coffee-purchasing companies. This is because coffee is the world’s second largest traded supply, and prices of coffee beans are being subject to significant market volatility. Starbucks demands for premium green coffee beans, resulting in irregularRead MorePresidential and Parliamentary Systems of Government Essay2336 Words   |  10 Pagesprovide a detailed analysis of both the parliamentary and the presidential system. 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Background †¢ International trade status quos According to the definition of international trade, it is referred to the exchange of capital, goods and

Marketing Mix - 3790 Words

Marketing Submitted by: Razi Ahmed Rathore 00207197 Submitted to: Mr Coker Table of Contents Task 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 1.2 Marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 1.3 Concept of marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1.4 What are customers needs and wants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 1.5 Cost of marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 1.6 Advantages of Marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Task 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....7 2.1 Micro Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 2.2 Macro†¦show more content†¦Businesses do not create customer needs or the social status in which customer needs are influenced. It is not McDonalds that makes people hungry. However, businesses do try to influence demand by designing products and services that are †¢ Attractive †¢ Work well †¢ Affordable †¢ Available Businesses also try to communicate the relevant features of their products through advertising and other marketing promotion. 1.5 Cost of Marketing: Many small business owners disregard marketing because they feel it is too expensive or it is only for large companies. Marketing consists of a lot of different elements some of little or no costs and some with some substantial costs. There are several ways, which are used by Tesco and includes cost. †¢ Tv Commercials †¢ Newspapers †¢ Magazines †¢ Leaflet †¢ Billboards These are the modes of marketing which tesco uses for marketing purposes and it incurs huge cost. 1.6 Advantages Of Marketing Orientation: Marketing has different advantages in business sector. It plays a crucial role in the business development. But some of them are explained below. Increase in market share: It is marketing through which companies get the increment in market share. Through marketing companies advertise there upcoming projects. These project makes attracts customersShow MoreRelatedHolden Marketing Mix1768 Words   |  8 PagesAssessment 2 Marketing mix Review and Recommendations Report My brand is V6 Holden Commodore Short review about Holden in Australia;- The history of Holden dates back to 1856 when it started as a saddler business in South Australia. Today Holden is one of only seven fully-integrated global General Motors operations that designs, builds and sells vehicles for Australia and the world. Holden has its headquarters in Port Melbourne, with an engine manufacturing plant on-site and vehicle manufacturingRead MoreMarketing Mix1491 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Mix MKT 421 Marketing Introduction Companies today try their best to continue to keep up with the changes of services, products and technology. Companies rely on their abilities in marketing to keep consumers interested in their products and services. The success of a company may rely on the company’s marketing performance. Marketing planning starts by thinking of the targeted audience needs, strategies, and the development of the products and or service needed. DevelopingRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Hard Rock Cafe1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Marketing Mix Place The marketing mix consists in total of 4 elements (Product,Price, Place, Promotion) which are often referred to as ‘the four Ps’. One of those four Ps is â€Å"Place†: Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel through which goods and/or services are moved from the manufacturer/service provider to the user or consumer. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet. In ourRead MoreMarketing Mix For The Evergreen Aquatic Centre2118 Words   |  9 Pages Assessment Task 2: Project-Determine the marketing mix Marketing Mix The marketing mix for the Evergreen Aquatic Centre will engage the four elements of marketing as follows: Product or Facility Recipients of the facility Evergreen Forest is a small community encompassing just under 1010 square miles. The estimated current population is 11010. Evergreen Aquatic Centre offers internationally recognised state of the art aquatic facilities to suit every person’s demands. Going from proficient practiceRead MoreMarketing Mix and Pestle Analysis of Mcdonalds in India3095 Words   |  13 Pagespolicies and rule according to the situation in the respective country of operation have helped in their success and thus making the customers â€Å"LOVING IT† Marketing Mix and Strategic decision making of McDonald    In this section we will discuss the marketing mix of Mc Donald and the strategies adopted by the company to counter the competition.    Marketing can be explained as the process in which a product or service is developed and then the price is calculated after evaluating all the related aspectsRead MoreMkt421 Marketing Mix1094 Words   |  5 Pagesof Phoenix MKT421 - Marketing Mix The marketing mix is comprised of four basic marketing strategies. The four strategies, which include product, place, price, and promotion, involve the decisions that a business must make to succeed. The marketing mix is reliant on how clear and defined the business’ target market is and how well the company directs the strategies towards its targeted market (Glenco McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition). This paper will further define marketing mix, the four strategiesRead MoreMarketing Mix Essays2988 Words   |  12 PagesThe Channels of Distribution The products and the services are distributed electronically, where the costumers can buy online on the website or in stores located across Australia. 5 – Braaap’s potencial customer base and key pressure Before marketing your products and services it is important to define your customer base or target market. Braaap’s clients are people who love motorcycles whatever if it is professionally or just a sport on free time. 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This paper wouldRead MoreMarketing Mix - 4Ps of Marketing Mix1219 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing mix can be describes as the use and specification of the 4 Ps describing the strategic position of a product in the marketplace†¦ A prominent person to take centre stage was E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960; he proposed a four-P classification which was popularized. (wikipedia.com) The marketing mix approach to marketing is a model of creating and implementing market strategies. The marketing mix stresses the mixing of different factors in a way that both organizational and consumer or target

The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’ Free Essays

string(26) " with a supporting adult\." Introduction Section 1: The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’. â€Å"The zone of proximal development is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance† (Raymond, 2000, p.176). We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory is widely cited by educators and teachers even today, as they formulate plans on how to get the most from students, challenging them to reach their highest potential. Vygoysky believed that social interaction leads not only to increased levels of knowledge, but that it actually changes a child’s thoughts and behaviours and hence develops problem solving. Since it is the goal of parents and teachers alike to help children become high achievers, taking a look at the work of Vygotsky and examining his conclusions seemed the best course for this assignment. Lev Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is what has led to the term and concept of learning through scaffolding, as introduced in 1976 by Wood, Bruner and Ross, to describe educational interaction between an adult and a child. The idea was used to explore the nature of aid provided by a teacher for children learning how to carry out a task they could not perform alone. Bruner’s ideas of spiral curriculum and scaffolding are related. Bruner (1960) stated that the curriculum should revisit the basic ideas for each subject, repeatedly building upon them until the pupil understands them fully (the spiral curriculum), rather than just to learn the facts. A parallel has been drawn between the notion of scaffolding and ZPD theories of Vygotsky (Hobsbaum,A., Peters,S., Sylva,K., 1996). If teachers wish to provide learning opportunities, they must assess the child’s present developmental level and estimate the ‘length’ of the ZDP. This can be achieved by using current APP grids and assessing the exact level of the pupil and what they need to achieve to reach the next level and progress further. But, the child must be able to make use of the help of others; the learner needs the ability to benefit from the give-and-take activities and conversations with others (Bruner, 1983). Vygotsky acknowledged the limits of the ZPD, but most psychological research has emphasized the importance of the role of the environment; including parents and other adults (teachers and care givers) who are ‘expert’ models and guides for a young learner. The full development during the ZPD depends upon full social interaction and the more the child takes advantage of an adult’s assistance, the broader their ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ is. Vygotsky defined scaffolding instruction as the â€Å"role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level† (Raymond, 2000, p. 176). Vygotsky refers to what children can do on their own as the ‘level of actual development’. LAD in his view, it is the level of actual development that a standard IQ test measures. Such a measure is undoubtedly important, but it is also incomplete. Two children might have the same level of actual development, in the sense of being able to solve the same number of problems on a standardised test. Given appropriate help from an adult, still, one child might be able to solve an additional dozen problems while the other child might be able to solve only two or three more. What the child can do with the help is referred to as the ‘level of potential development’ (Vasta, R., Haith, M.M., Miller, S.A., 1995). Scaffolding can take the form of targeted questioning for a specific task or modeling a task, so that a teacher can individualise learning to meet the requirements of each individual student. However this is dependent on the teacher knowing the pupils’ previous knowledge. The scaffolds facilitate a student’s ability to build on their prior knowledge and interpret new data or information. The activities provided in scaffolding instruction are at the next learning level beyond the LAD or what the learner can do alone (Olson Pratt, 2000). The teacher provides the scaffolds so that the learner can accomplish – with assistance – the tasks that he or she could otherwise not complete, thus helping the learner through the ZPD (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 2000). Section 2: Educational examples of teaching utilising ‘ZPD’ and ‘Scaffolding’. If we first review Assignment 2 (appendix one) we can see that the two pupils have considerably differing LAD’s. Pupil Two working at a Level 3C and Pupil One working at Level 2B. This was evident with the amount of scaffolding that each pupil required throughout the task. Pupil Two was able to complete the task with limited scaffolding, as her ‘level of actual development’ was high and through questioning to ensure that she followed a sequence she completed the task. However with Pupil One, a large amount of modelling and leading questions were required to allow her to complete the task because her LAD was at a lower level and her previous experiences of problem solving were limited so she was therefore limited to the experiences she could recall. â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).† (Vygotsky, 1978). However approximately four weeks later during my first teaching practice I finished a numeracy unit with a similar problem with a lower ability group. Pupil One who had required a large amount of scaffolding was able to approach the task as she had the experience and the tools to approach this task (appendix two) and complete it with limited support and therefore show that previous experience is vital and that if the pupil is actively listening during the process that it will assist. This is supported by Vygotsky (1978) as he believed that the internalisation of these tools led to higher thinking skills. During assignment four (appendix four, p5-7) we can again see that Pupil One, who is read to at home, using more advanced books, but also regularly reads with a supporting adult. You read "The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’" in category "Essay examples" Helped by their parents when they first start learning to speak, young children are provided with instinctive structures to learn a language. Bed-time stories and read alouds are classic examples (Daniels, 1994). She has a higher reading age and has far more reading strategies to ensure that she is a fluent reader, but also through her social background as stated by Vygotsky (1978) she has a greater understanding of the text and the ability to discuss the text. Pupil Two however, reads mainly on her own and is therefore unable to discuss any issues within the text with a more able adult. This restricts her to only one type of strategy, therefore she is working at a whole level behind Pupil One. In assignment three, (appendix three) we can see that this task was an open task to see how problem solving could be developed within ‘Gifted’ and ‘Talented’ literacy pupils. They were asked to create a way of showing next year’s Year 3 pupils what performance poetry is. Therefore the pupils did not have any teacher input apart from giving the seven pupils the objective and explain that they would be filmed to allow observation. By watching the video back we can see that the pupils had to explain and support each other through the task by acting as peer tutors. â€Å"Children also learn from each other by collaborative learning, involving children who are at similar levels of competence working together in pairs or in groups and also peer tutoring, involving a more knowledgeable child providing guidance to another child in order to bring him up to a higher level of competence in a task. Research has shown that this not only benefits the child who is receiving the guidance; it also promotes learning in the child expert.† Maynard 2006. By reviewing the results and the video evidence it is possible to see that an individual pupil would not have achieved a complete task, as they had to discuss and talk through how they were going to choose the poetry, a location and the structure of the film. Each pupil had their own input and they worked together to produce the final film. Section 3: Implications of scaffolding on Teaching and the Teacher. Before discussing the implications of scaffolding, we have to realise that these examples are taken from pupils either individually or in small groups and from a controlled environment, where they do not have any external social factors effecting them. In society today educators need to take into account and realise that teaching in a class of 30, there will be individuals with issues that can be beyond their control and that before teaching we have to take into account the five factors of ‘Every Child Matters’ that if a child has one of these missing they will not be able to focus and learn. One of the primary benefits of scaffolding instruction is that it engages the learner. The learner does not passively listen to information presented but instead through teacher questioning and prompting, the learner builds on prior knowledge and forms new knowledge. In working with students who have low self-esteem and learning disabilities, it provides an opportunity to give positive feedback to the students by saying things like â€Å"†¦see what you have achieved so far!† This gives them more of a can do attitude, compared to a; I can’t do this attitude. This leads into another advantage of scaffolding in that if done properly, scaffolding instruction motivates the student so that they want to learn. However the significance of the ZPD is that it determines the lower and upper bounds of the zone within which instruction should be pitched. This requires an experienced teacher who understands the current educational level of every pupil. Therefore â€Å"Inst ruction is only useful when it moves ahead of development† (Vygotsky 1978 p. 212), â€Å"leading the child to carry out activities that force him to rise above himself† (Vygotshy 1978 p. 213). Therefore, this indicates that working with a class of thirty children means that a teacher would have to take into account thirty LAD’s and ZPD’s. The difficulties of this are self-evident but proficient teachers are able to at least maximise this understanding. Another benefit of this type of instruction is that it can minimise the level of frustration of the learner. This is extremely important with many special needs students, who can become frustrated very easily then shut down and refuse to participate in further learning during that particular setting. Scaffold instruction is individualised so it can benefit each learner. However, this is also the biggest disadvantage for the teacher since developing the supports and scaffolded lessons to meet the needs of each individual would be extremely time-consuming. Implementation of individualised scaffolds in a classroom with a large number of students would be challenging, therefore pupils can become grouped within their current ability and LAD that they are currently working at. However as we have previously seen, pupils working as a group can scaffold each other and therefore develop their skills collaboratively. These groups would then benefit from being mixed ability as the higher ability pupil would be able to act as the expert. This would also help to motivate all pupils on task and provide responsibility. Reciprocal scaffolding, a method first coined by Holton and Thomas, is a method that involves a group of two or more collaboratively working together, as we see in assignment thr ee. In this situation, the group can learn from each other’s experiences and knowledge. The scaffolding is shared by each member and changes constantly as the group works on a task (Holton and Clarke, 2006). According to Vygotsky, students develop higher-level thinking skills when scaffolding occurs with an adult expert or with a peer of higher capabilities (Stone, 1998). This is completely opposed to Paiget’s theory. Another disadvantage is that unless properly trained, a teacher may not properly implement scaffolding instruction and therefore not see the full effect. Scaffolding also requires that the teacher give up some of the control and allow the students to make errors. This may be difficult for teachers to do, as teachers are required to plan their lessons and meet specific objectives, the lesson could progress in a completely different direction and therefore not meet that specific objective. So timing of the teacher’s imput is vital, to ensure children do not go too far off track. Although there are some drawbacks to the use of scaffolding as a teaching strategy, I believe that the positive impact it has on the development of pupils, and therefore the success of the lesson, is vital to consider when planning. References: Applebee, A. N. and J. A. Langer, 1983. ‘Instructional scaffolding: Reading and writing as natural language activities. Language Arts, 60/2. Bransford, J., Brown, A., Cocking, R. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, and Experience School. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Bruner, J. (1960). The Process of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bruner, J. 1978. ‘The role of dialogue in language acquisition’ In A. Sinclair, R., J. Jarvelle, and W. J. M. Levelt (eds.) The Child’s Concept of Language. New York: Springer-Verlag. Daniels, H. (1994). Literature Circles: Voice and choice in the student-centered classroom. Markham: Pembroke Publishers Ltd Hobsbaum, A., Peters, S., Sylva, K. (1996). Scaffolding in Reading Recovery. Oxford Review of Education, 22, 17-35 Holton, Derek, and Clark, David (2006). Scaffolding and metacognition. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 37, 127-143. Maynard, S. (2006). Vygotsky and the Child Apprentice. http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/vygotsky-and-the-child-apprentice-1428 5/04/2011. Olson, J. and Platt, J. (2000). The Instructional Cycle. Teaching Children and Adolescents with Special Needs (pp. 170-197). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Raymond, E. (2000). Cognitive Characteristics. Learners with Mild Disabilities (pp. 169-201). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon, A Pearson Education Company. Stone, C. A. (1998). The metaphor of scaffolding: Its utility for the field of learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(4), 344–364. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. How to cite The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’, Essay examples

Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Compare post-traumatic stress disorders and adjustment disorders in terms of their clinical descriptions. 2.Discuss current research in the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Answers: Introduction: This paper provides an insight into clinical symptoms in patients suffering from post traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder and main clinical differences in both the condition. It also provides a detailed discussion on current research in the prevention and treatment of PTSD. The paper also develops arguments related to the effectiveness and utility of different interventions for PTSD. 1.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a kind of emotional disorder occurring in an individual after experiencing sudden trauma such as assault, natural disaster or sudden deaths of loves one (Barlow Durand, 2015). According DSM-5 criteria for mental illness, for people to be diagnosed with PTSD, they must have a history of exposure to the traumatic event and symptoms like changes in cognition and mood, nightmares or flashback of event, trauma related thoughts and arousals like aggression, risky behavior and difficulty in sleeping (Friedman, 2014). Adjustment disorder is also a trauma or stress related disorder associated with abnormal reaction to life stressors in affected individuals. The main clinical symptoms of adjustment disorder include depressed mood, agitation, anxiety, withdrawal and poor social or work performance (Glaesmer et al., 2015). The main clinical difference between PTSD and adjustment disorder is that PTSD is a more severe form of disorder with long lasting symptoms. However, adjustment disorder is a disease of short duration. Hence, adjustment disorder can be regarded as a short term condition, where people fail to cope with major life changes and the symptoms are temporary, whereas PTSD is a long term and life threatening condition. The difference in severity of both disease is also understood from the fact that PTSD has been defined a specific mental disorder as per DSM-V criteria, but no such criteria exist for adjustment disorder. 2.PTSD is a several psychological disorder seen in people after a traumatic events leading to symptoms of avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal. There are various challenges associated with treatment of PTSD in different individuals due to their individual life circumstances and differences in occurrence of symptoms overtime (Abdelghaffar et al., 2016). Hence, evaluating the current research on prevention and treatment of PTSD is essential to determines interventions which are most effective in promoting recovery of PTSD patient. The review of current research has given insight about different preventive and treatment options to minimize disabling consequence in patients after traumatic events. Qi, Gevonden Shalev,(2016) informed about interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat patient. The main purpose of CBT is to minimize symptoms by challenging patients beliefs about trauma and provide sense of control to patient to safely deal with trauma-related reminders. CBT is given to patient either individually or as group. However, the researcher argued that moderately positive outcomes have been found in patient and effectiveness of the intervention is found to be consistent in research studies. Rothbaume et al. (2012) showed that efficacy of CBT as an early intervention for patient is dependent on the type of traumatic events an individual has been exposed. Hence, according to this argument, studies investigating about CBT in people with different types of trauma are needed to understand its benefits as an early intervention for PTSD patient. Kar, (2011) was found to most suitable research that reviewed the effectiveness of CBT for treating PTSD people with different types of trauma. In case of effectiveness of CBT for PTSD patients exposed to terrorism and war related trauma, it was found that CBT acted as a promising intervention for patients as the implementation of therapy improved social functioning of patients and reduced symptoms of PTSD. CBT was also found as an effective intervention for people with sexual assault and accident related trauma. However, there is limited evidence regarding effectiveness in refugee patients. Hence, from this evidence, it can be confirmed that CBT is an efficacious intervention to lower PTSD score in patients with different types of trauma events. Acute stress disorder is regarded as a precursor of PTSD, however reduction in number of patients meeting the criteria for PTSD after five session of CBT compared to those receiving counseling also suggest the effectiveness of CBT as a preve ntive method for CBT (Nixon Sterk, Pearce, 2012).. To maximize the effectiveness of the intervention, there is a need to address methodological challenges like culture issues in implementing interventions, training needs of therapist and proper integration of CBT with internet (Kar, 2011). These considerations will further enhance the value of CBT for at-risk individuals. Exposure therapy is also one of the behavioral therapy to treat PTSD. It is also a based theory based therapy where therapists encourage patients to re-experience the traumatic event instead of avoiding it. Such kind of exposure is found to reduce trauma-induced psychological disturbance in patient. For example, it is very common for patients experiencing traumatic events to avoid talking about the trauma or visiting the place associated with trauma. However, exposure therapy aims to reduce symptoms of fear and avoidance in patients. It is one of the effective first line treatments for PTSD (Rauch et al., 2012). A study by King et al., (2016) investigating about the impact of mindfulness-based exposure therapy (MBET) has revealed that mindfulness based training in exposure therapy minimizes the issue of early drop-out rate and increases emotional regulation in patients with PTSD. The study was done in two participants group- one receiving mindfulness based therapy and the other recei ving group therapy. The assessment of PTSD symptoms before and after the therapy showed increased activity in anterior cingulated cortex, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and left amygdale. This indicates that MBET therapy is effective in changing the neural processing of socio-emotional threat related to the traumatic event. Although the sample size was small, however the study gave good evidence regarding the effectiveness of the therapy in symptoms reduction for PTSD patients. CBT is a behavioral intervention to reduce adverse symptoms and improve functioning in patients with PTSD. Apart from behavioral intervention, many pharmacological interventions is also used for the prevention and treatment of PTSD. Hydrocortisone is one of the pharmacological agents involved in treating patients with PTSD. The review of research on the effectiveness of hydrocortisone has revealed that moderate quality of evidence for the efficacy of the drug in treating PTSD development in adults. There are other drugs like propranolol, morphine and benzodiapine for treating the disorder, however there is limited evidence to prove their true impact on patient outcome (Amos, Stein Ipser, 2014). Many drugs have been reviewed for efficacy and acceptability among PTSD patient group. Although, robust evidence for efficacy has not been found, however phenelzine has emerged as a good drug of choice and more future trials needs to be done to use its for treating PTSD (Cipriani et al., 2017 ). Current research also gave indication about eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention for patients with PTSD. It is a kind of psychotherapy in which utilizes eye movements to support clients in safely processing distressing memories and beliefs. It is a validated and efficient treatment approach to address psychological and physiological symptoms in patient with adverse life experience (Shapiro, 2014). Nijdam et al., (2012) used randomized controlled trial method to compare the efficacy of eclectic psychotherapy with EMDR for PTSD. The assessment of two patient group on outcome measures related to anxiety, depression and clinical PTSD symptoms showed both interventions to be effectiveness. However, the advantage of EMDR compared to other therapy was that good response rate was achieved. This proves that EMDR can promote faster recovery of patients suffering from PTSD. Conclusion: From the review of current research on PTSD, CBT is identified as good preventive options for treatment of PTSD at the early stage of risk. In addition, exposure therapy and EMDR have emerged as effective interventions both in terms of clinical outcome and response received from patients with PTSD. References: Abdelghaffar, W., Ouali, U., Jomli, R., Zgueb, Y., Nacef, F. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder in first episode psychosis: Prevalence and related factors.Clinical Schizophrenia related psychoses. Amos, T., Stein, D. J., Ipser, J. C. (2014). Pharmacological interventions for preventing post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).The Cochrane Library. Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Cipriani, A., Williams, T., Nikolakopoulou, A., Salanti, G., Chaimani, A., Ipser, J., ... Stein, D. J. (2017). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis.Psychological medicine, 1-10. Friedman, M.J., 2014. PTSD: national center for PTSD.PTSD History and Overview. Retreived from: https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.asp Glaesmer, H., Romppel, M., Brhler, E., Hinz, A., Maercker, A. (2015). Adjustment disorder as proposed for ICD-11: Dimensionality and symptom differentiation.Psychiatry research,229(3), 940-948. Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review.Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment,7, 167. King, A. P., Block, S. R., Sripada, R. K., Rauch, S. A., Porter, K. E., Favorite, T. K., ... Liberzon, I. (2016). A pilot study of mindfulness-based exposure therapy in OEF/OIF combat veterans with ptsd: altered medial frontal cortex and amygdala responses in socialemotional processing.Frontiers in psychiatry,7, 154. Nijdam, M. J., Gersons, B. P., Reitsma, J. B., de Jongh, A., Olff, M. (2012). Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: randomised controlled trial.The British Journal of Psychiatry,200(3), 224-231. Nixon, R. D. V., Sterk, J., Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,40(3), 327-337. Qi, W., Gevonden, M., Shalev, A. (2016). Prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder after trauma: Current evidence and future directions.Current psychiatry reports,18(2), 20. Rauch, M., Sheila, A., Eftekhari, A., Ruzek, J. I. (2012). Review of exposure therapy: A gold standard for PTSD treatment.Journal of Rehabilitation Research Development,49(5). Rothbaum, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Price, M., Malcoun, E., Davis, M., Ressler, K. J., ... Houry, D. (2012). Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure.Biological Psychiatry,72(11), 957-963. Shapiro, F. (2014). The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences.The Permanente Journal,18(1), 71.

Economic Equilibrium Operating Economy

Question: Discuss about the Economic Equilibrium for Operating Economy. Answer: Introduction Stable economic equilibrium can be defined as a state whereby economic forces that are reflected by aggregate demand and aggregate supply intersect each other(Nelson, 2009). An underlying assumption for the case is that external influences will not disrupt the equilibrium; hence they will not have any impact on the various economic variables. In economics various cases of equilibrium encompasses Market Equilibrium where price is established at an equilibrium position relative to demand and supply. But concept of economic equilibrium is applicable in cases of imperfect competitive markets as well, whereas the theory was devised to account for perfect market. This type of equilibrium is established as it forms the basic properties of equilibrium. The scope of current analysis examines the fact that a stable economic equilibrium requires the economy to be operating at an output level at which the aggregate demand curve, the long run aggregate supply curve and the short run aggregate sup ply curve all intersect. Analysis A condition of macroeconomic equilibrium is a condition in the economy where quantity of aggregate demand equals to aggregate supply. Aggregate demand establishes a relation between price levels, firms, and quantity of real GDP demanded government and net exports. At the beginning of discussion for the stable economic equilibrium at the macroeconomic level and analyzing possible justification for the same, the starting point it is assumed that at stable equilibrium aggregate demand will intersect aggregate supply of the long run with aggregate supply curve of the short run. In case there is any sort of discrepancies in either demand or supply then there is bound to be changes in prices, inflation and rate of unemployment in the economy. In the short-run unexpected decreasing of aggregate demand will push up excess supply of resources, that will inevitably lead to decrease in resource prices. Short-run aggregate supply establishes relation amongst price levels and quantity of GDP(Negishi, 2014). This, will lead to impacting of unemployment which will make prices go down. Hence, in the long run lower resource costs will make the aggregate supply curve move to the right. The economy will aim to attain stable equilibrium by producing output levels that can be achieved by way of full employment at a price level lower than before. Aggregate demand is affected by changes in governmental policies in taxes or other areas, changes in household and firms expectations and due to changes in foreign variables as relative income levels amongst countries, exchange rates and so on. In the long-run aggregate supply price level and quantity of real GDP supplied which is vertical reflects potential GDP. Shift in the aggregate supply curve reflects that increase in GDP or economic growth can be due to increase in resources, increase in machinery and equipment and new technology. In stable equilibrium aggregate demand, aggregate supply long run is assumed to be at equilibrium with aggregate supply of short run. At this level it is assumed that a democratic government will intervene to ensure that employment levels are reached and unemployment is removed. At optimum levels of employment the price levels for aggregate demands is attended and supply levels for this level is reached(Starr, 2011). For the aggregate supply curve in the short run any impacts on it will lead to changes in the demand curve till it stabilizes to reach equilibrium levels. By automatic adjustment mechanisms real GDP will be impacted in case of changes experienced in aggregate demand or aggregate supply of quantities. During short-run periods decrease in aggregate demand will lead to recession but in the long run it might cause decrease in price levels. In short run increase in aggregate demand will eventually lead to increase in real GDP. However, in the long run it will lead to increase in price levels. Again in case of shift in the graph employees will accept lower wages till prices stabilizes in the economy and they are able to get proper prices for the same. Short-run will be determined by decreasing of aggregate demand which will lead to supply of excess of resources, ultimately reducing resource prices including labor wages. As unemployment will increase price going down will lead to output reduction. This will lead to shifting of the aggregate supply curve, hence economy will be producing levels of output with full levels of employment at a lower levels of price to attain equilibrium. Basic aggregate demand and supply model is dynamic and provides for increase in labor force, technological change and capital stock. Aggregate demand curve will only shift changing levels of stable equilibrium due to major changes as consumer spending changes, changes in the firm, governmental changes and so on. Thus, at every point the system will try and attain equilibrium till systems stabilizes. Inflation can disrupt the economic equilibrium levels causes total spending that takes place in an economy faster than compared to total production. Any impacts from inflation levels will disturb levels of equilibrium and will shift the aggregate demand curve. Even at this juncture to attain equilibrium prices and employment levels will stabiles causing the aggregate short-run supply curve, aggregate long run supply curve and aggregate demand curve to intersect at a particular price levels. Government intervention to maintain such equilibrium levels is an integral factor that invariable impacts. Democratic Government has an active role to play to determine equilibriums levels, when the levels of unemployment is high government pushes up demand for resources and extending demand levels by enhancing consumption levels. This affects the levels of job creation and as prices go up more and more people are employed in the economy to generate adequate supply in the long run. The government at every point affects and changes its economic policies to reduce or increase taxes on relevant items such as to inflict control and maintain larger economic stability and equilibrium levels. Conclusion In the discussion on economic equilibrium it has been demonstrated that all the three curves needs to intersect. Macroeconomic equilibrium can be defined as the condition itself whereby all the various factors meet. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply help determine the total value of goods and services produced in the economy at a particular period of time. Aggregate demand is the total value of such goods demanded whereas aggregate supply forms all the goods supplied to meet the quantities demanded of such products. Therefore, any related variable affecting these factors will impact their price levels. Employment, inflation and government plays relevant factors in determining such levels of equilibrium. Any efforts from macroeconomic variable or otherwise in external variables might lead to impacting the curve such that they are able to re-orient themselves to accomplish the position where it was previously. While all variables are interdependent on each other they play a major role in demonstrating their importance or how each functionality can affect the other in a dynamic way. Reference Lists Negishi, T. (2014). History of economic theory (Vol. 26). . Elsevier. Nelson, R. a. (2009). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Harvard University Press. Starr, R. (2011). General equilibrium theory: An introduction. . Cambridge University Press.